96 YEARS AGO TODAY

Dec 28, 1908
On December 28, 1908, at approximately 5:20am, Europe's most powerful earthquake shook southern Italy. Centered in the Messina Strait, which separates Sicily from Calabria, the quake's magnitude equaled a 7.5 by today's Richter scale. Moments after the quake's first jolt, a devastating tsunami formed, causing forty-foot waves to crash down on dozens of coastal cities.
Most of southern Italy's cities lost as many as half their residents that morning. The population of the city of Messina alone -- 150,000 -- was reduced to only hundreds; the total death toll throughout Italy was estimated at nearly 200,000. Accounts of shaking and aftershocks were reported throughout Sicily. Signs of the jolt even appeared in Washington, D.C., where the day's crude technology picked up signals of the disaster.
"An instant of the power of the elements has scourged two noble provinces – noble and dear – demolishing many centuries of construction and civilization. It is not only a misfortune for the Italian people; it is a misfortune for mankind, hence the compassionate cry burst forth on either side of the Alps and of the seas, melting and blending together, in a competition of sacrifice and of brotherhood, every person, every class, every nationality. It is the compassion of the living that attempts the resurgence of mankind over the violence of the earth. Perhaps the terrible picture is not yet full in our minds, nor precise the conception of the great misfortune, nor are we yet able to sound the depths of the abyss, from whose dreadful bottom we wish to arise. We know that the damage is immense, and that great and immediate provision is necessary." - Report to the Senate of the Kingdom

Man-made or massive natural disasters may be followed by 'epidemics' of the muscle crush syndrome. The first descriptions of the crush syndrome were after the earthquake of Messina.
Crush syndrome is a condition that may occur if a large bulk of muscle is crushed, e.g. if a patient is crushed by falling masonary.
This condition is characterised by the development of a profound shock. If a limb has been trapped, it will become pulseless on release. Later, it will become red, swollen and blistered. There may be loss of sensation and muscle power.
Acute renal failure may set in during the first sixty hours after release. If renal function does not return then the patient may die within 14 days.
In order to avoid the development of this syndrome any limb that has been severely crushed should be amputated.

Those who survived the quake faced the bleakest of realities. Their homes were destroyed, their family members were dead, and the cities around them were reduced to rubble. The Italian government relocated many of the Messina survivors to new cities within Italy. Others were forced to emigrate to America. In 1909 a cargo ship, the"Florida" carried 850 such passengers away from Naples. The "Florida" would transport the survivors to a new life in New York City.
Lost in dense fog, the "Florida" collided with the "Republic," a luxury passenger liner. Three people aboard the "Florida" were killed instantly. Within minutes, pandemonium broke out on the ship. The captain of the "Florida," Angelo Ruspini, used extreme measures to regain control of the desperate passengers, including firing gunshots into the air.
After being rescued at sea, the damaged "Florida" and the Messina earthquake survivors arrived in New York's harbor. Shaken and unnerved, the immigrants confronted a new challenge: to begin their lives again.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/rescue/peopleevents/pandeAMEX99.html
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=9189260&dopt=Abstract
http://www.30giorni.it/us/articolo.asp?id=3651
http://www.gpnotebook.co.uk/cache/470155269.htm
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